I just spoke on a fundraising panel at Compasspoint's Silicon Valley/Peninsula Nonprofit Forum.  One takeaway: some California cities are finding that they need to raise private funds to make up for cuts in State and local funding.  This means thinking and acting like nonprofits.  The city department in question has no board and no staff who know how to solicit donations.  The panel responded that the department head needs to devote at least 25% of her scarce time to fundraising and convene a board that's willing to help.  Of course, this means they'll be competing with local nonprofits for donations.